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root authored on2023-05-22 13:38:41
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user/pages/52.fx700/docs.en.md
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+---
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+title: 'How to Use FX700'
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+taxonomy:
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+    category:
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+        - docs
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+external_links:
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+    process: true
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+    no_follow: true
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+    target: _blank
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+    mode: active
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+media_order: fx700_system.png
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+published: true
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+---
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+
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+[toc]
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+
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+## Overview {#overview}
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+
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+PRIMEHPC FX700 is the latest supercomputer equipped with the same CPU as Fugaku.
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+ACCMS has an FX700 in a small configuration and provides it as an evaluation environment for users of the supercomputer system.
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+
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+Please apply for the [Application Form for Collaborative Research Project for FX700 "Trial Use" and "Small Node Use"](http://www.iimc.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ja/services/comp/support/kyodo/fx700_2021.html) to use this service. The trial use allows you to use the FX700 for one month without any screening. There is no cost burden for use.
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+
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+! The job scheduler has been changed from PBS to Slurm from April 2023.
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+
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+## System Configuration {#system}
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+
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+It is a configuration of a small PC cluster type connected to a network independent of Camphor3 and Laurel3.
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+The login node is a server on an Intel Xeon processor (x86_64 architecture), so cross-compilation is required to run the program on A64FX processor (aarch64 architecture) of the computing node. For convenience, the configuration allows interactive native compilation even on a computing node fx-0001.
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+
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+![fx700_system](fx700_system.png?lightbox=100%&resize=600 "fx700_system")
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+
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+Computing Node CPU Specifications
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+
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+| Item | Description
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+| ------------ | --------------
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+| Name | A64FX
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+| Command | Set
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+| Architecture | Armv8.2-A SVE
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+| Number of computing cores | 48 cores
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+| Clock | 1.8 GHz
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+| Theoretical computing performance | 2.7648 TFLOPS
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+
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+Computing node specifications
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+
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+|  Item | Description
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+| ------------ | --------------
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+|  Architecture | 1 CPU/node
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+| Memory capacity | 32 GiB（HBM2, 4 stack）
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+| Memory Bandwidths | 1,024 GB/s
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+| Interconnects | InfiniBand EDR
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+| Internal storage |  M.2 SSD Type 2280 slot（NVMe）
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+| OS | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8
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+
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+[PRIMEHPC FX700 Product Information](https://www.fujitsu.com/jp/products/computing/servers/supercomputer/downloads/#anc-fx700)
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+
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+
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+### Login Nodes {#login}
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+
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+To log in to the FX700, connect to the following hosts via SSH public key authentication
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+
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+```
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+fx-login.kudpc.kyoto-u.ac.jp
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+```
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+ - You can log in with the key you have already registered in the user portal of the supercomputer. (Keys added directly to authorized_keys in the Camphor3 and Laurel3 home directories will not be available.)
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+ - Inside the cluster, mutual login is possible with host-based authentication.
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+
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+### Shared Storage {#storage}
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+
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+/home and /work are configured as shared storage.　Since /home is a local storage of fx-login, the response to operations on the login node is fast but it is not strong enough for the load. Please use /work to perform calculations.
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+
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+```bash
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+[root@fx-0001 ~]# df -h /home/ /work/
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+Filesystem         Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
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+fx-login-ib:/home  399G   27G  373G   7% /home
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+armst-ib:/work     7.0T   25G  7.0T   1% /work
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+```
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+ -  /home mounts fx-login:/home. **20GB capacity limit per user.**
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+ - /work mounts armst:/work. Please use this for calculations. **500GB capacity limit per user.**
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+ -  /home and /work are mounted each time they are accessed by autofs.
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+ - If /work capacity is insufficient, please contact us.
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+ - If the file server is not responding, please notify the administrator. We will restart the file server side.
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+ - Files will be deleted after the end of the service, please make your own backups during the period of use.
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+
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+## How to compile {#compile}
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+
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+Available compilers are Fujitsu compiler and GCC.
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+
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+### Fujitsu Compiler {#fujitsu-compiler}
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+
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+**Commands for cross-compilation in fx-login**
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+```bash
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+# For fortran
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+[b12345@fx-login ~]$ frtpx -v
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+frtpx: Fujitsu Fortran Compiler 4.4.0
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+How to Use: frtpx [Option] File
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+
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+[b12345@fx-login ~]$ mpifrtpx -v
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+frtpx: Fujitsu Fortran Compiler 4.4.0
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+How to Use: frtpx [Option] File
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+
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+# For C Language
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+[b12345@fx-login ~]$ fccpx -v
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+fccpx: Fujitsu C/C++ Compiler 4.4.0
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+simulating gcc version 6.1
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+
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+[b12345@fx-login ~]$ mpifccpx -v
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+fccpx: Fujitsu C/C++ Compiler 4.4.0
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+simulating gcc version 6.1
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+How to Use: fccpx [Option] File
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+
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+# For C++ Language
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+[b12345@fx-login ~]$ FCCpx  -v
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+FCCpx: Fujitsu C/C++ Compiler 4.4.0
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+simulating gcc version 6.1
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+How to Use: FCCpx [Option] File
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+
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+[b12345@fx-login ~]$ mpiFCCpx -v
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+FCCpx: Fujitsu C/C++ Compiler 4.4.0
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+simulating gcc version 6.1
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+How to Use: FCCpx [Option] File
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+```
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+
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+**Commands for native compilation in fx-0001**
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+```bash
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+# For fortran
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+[b12345@fx-0001 ~]$ frt -v
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+frt: Fujitsu Fortran Compiler 4.4.0
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+How to Use: frt [Option] File
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+
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+[b12345@fx-0001 ~]$ mpifrt -v
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+frt: Fujitsu Fortran Compiler 4.4.0
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+How to Use: frt [Option] File
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+
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+# For C Language
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+[b12345@fx-0001 ~]$ fcc -v
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+fcc: Fujitsu C/C++ Compiler 4.4.0
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+simulating gcc version 6.1
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+How to Use: fcc [Option] File
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+
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+[b12345@fx-0001 ~]$ mpifcc -v
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+fcc: Fujitsu C/C++ Compiler 4.4.0
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+simulating gcc version 6.1
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+How to Use: fcc [Option] File
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+
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+# For C++Language
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+[b12345@fx-0001 ~]$ FCC -v
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+FCC: Fujitsu C/C++ Compiler 4.4.0
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+simulating gcc version 6.1
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+How to Use: FCC [Option] File
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+
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+[b12345@fx-0001 ~]$ mpiFCC -v
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+FCC: Fujitsu C/C++ Compiler 4.4.0
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+simulating gcc version 6.1
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+How to Use: FCC [Option] File
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+```
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+
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+Typical compile options
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+
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+| Option Name | Description
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+| ------------ | --------------
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+| -Kopenmp |Compile with OpenMP directive enabled.
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+| -Kparallel | Enable automatic parallelization.
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+| -Kfast | Create object programs that run at high speed on the target machine.　-O3 -Keval,fast_matmul,fp_contract,fp_relaxed,fz,ilfunc,mfunc,omitfp,simd_packed_promotion と等価です。
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+| -KA64FX | Indicate the program to output an object file for the A64FX processor.
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+| -KSVE | Indicate whether or not to use SVE, an extension of the Armv8-A architecture.
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+
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+ Please refer to the manual for details on the compiler.
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+
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+[Fujitsu Compiler Manual](https://web.kudpc.kyoto-u.ac.jp/auth/manual/fcomp/lastest)
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+（Access requires authentication with a supercomputer login account）
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+
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+### GCC
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+
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+Compile natively on fx-0001.
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+```bash
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+[b12345@fx-0001 ~]$ gfortran --version
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+GNU Fortran (GCC) 8.3.1 20191121 (Red Hat 8.3.1-5)
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+Copyright (C) 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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+This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
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+warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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+
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+[b12345@fx-0001 ~]$ gcc --version
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+gcc (GCC) 8.3.1 20191121 (Red Hat 8.3.1-5)
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+Copyright (C) 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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+This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
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+warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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+
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+[b12345@fx-0001 ~]$ g++ --version
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+g++ (GCC) 8.3.1 20191121 (Red Hat 8.3.1-5)
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+Copyright (C) 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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+This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
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+warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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+```
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+
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+
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+## How to Submit Jobs (Slurm) {#job}
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+
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+Please submit your job with the sbatch command. Please note that the writing method of the job script is different from Camphor3 and Laurel3. Camphor3 and Laurel3 customize Slurm to their own specifications, while FX700 uses only standard Slurm features.
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+
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+
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+### Batch Queues {#queue}
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+
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+There is a debug queue assigned only one node and a short queue assigned 10 nodes.
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+After testing in the debug queue, run the job in the short queue.
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+
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+```bash
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+$ sinfo -s
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+PARTITION AVAIL  TIMELIMIT   NODES(A/I/O/T) NODELIST
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+debug*       up   infinite         2/7/2/11 fx-[0002-0012]
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+short        up   infinite         2/7/2/11 fx-[0002-0012]
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+```
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+
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+### Option
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+|Option|Description|Initial Value|Maximum Value|
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+|----------|----|------|------|
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+|#SBATCH -p _QUEUE_ | Specify queue name | -- | -- |
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+|#SBATCH -N _NODE_ |Specify the number of nodes to use|1|Trial Use:1 / Small Node Use:8|
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+|#SBATCH -n _PROCS_ |Specify the number of processes|1|Trial Use:48 / Small Node Use:384|
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+|#SBATCH --cpus-per-task=_CORES_|Specify the number of cores per process|1|48|
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+|#SBATCH --mem=_MEMORY_|Specify the memory size per process|650M|31200M|
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+|#SBATCH -t _HOUR_:_MINUTES_:_SECONDS_ | Specify upper limit of the execution time | 1:00:00(1 hour) | 168:0:0(7 days)|
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+
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+### Example of Job Script Description{#jobscript}
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+
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+Example 1 of Job Scripts (Sequential jobs with 1 core and 8 GB secured)
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+```bash
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+#!/bin/bash
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+#SBATCH -p debug
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+#SBATCH -N 1              # Number of nodes
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+#SBATCH -n 8              # Number of processes
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+#SBATCH --cpus-per-task=1 # Number of cores per process
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+#SBATCH --mem=8G          # Memory size per node
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+
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+srun ./a.out
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+```
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+
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+Example 2 of Job Scripts  (OpenMP job (16 threads) with 16 cores and 8 GB secured)
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+```bash
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+#!/bin/bash
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+#SBATCH -p debug
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+#SBATCH -N 1               #  Number of nodes
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+#SBATCH -n 1               # Number of processes
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+#SBATCH --cpus-per-task=16 # Number of cores per process
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+#SBATCH --mem=8G           # Memory size per node
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+#SBATCH -t 1:00:00 # Upper limit of elapsed time 1 hour
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+
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+srun ./a.out
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+```
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+
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+Example 3 of Job Scripts  ((48 cores, 8GB memory) x MPI job of 2 nodes (96 processes))
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+```bash
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+#!/usr/bin/bash
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+#SBATCH -p debug
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+#SBATCH -N 2               # Number of nodes
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+#SBATCH -n 96              # Number of processes
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+#SBATCH --cpus-per-task=1  # Number of cores per process
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+#SBATCH --mem=30G          # Memory size per node
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+#SBATCH -t 1:00:00 # Upper limit of elapsed time 1 hour
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+
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+srun ./a.out
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+```
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+
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+Example 4 of Job Scripts  ((48 cores, 30GB memory) x hybrid job of 2 nodes (24 processes x 4 threads))
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+```bash
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+#!/bin/bash
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+#SBATCH -p debug
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+#SBATCH -N 2               # Number of nodes
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+#SBATCH -n 24              # Number of processes
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+#SBATCH --cpus-per-task=4  #  Number of cores per process
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+#SBATCH --mem=30G          # Memory size per node
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+#SBATCH -t 1:00:00 # Upper limit of elapsed time 1 hour
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+
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+srun ./a.out
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+```
user/pages/80.linux/docs.en.md
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-title: 'Unix/Linux Basics'
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-taxonomy:
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-    category:
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-        - docs
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-
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-[toc]
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-
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-
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-## File System{#system}
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-
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-
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-### File and Directory{#file}
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-
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-Various types of data that users create on UNIX are recorded as **files** , and be stored in containers that called **directories** . You can create a directory in a directory recursively, you can manage files hierarchically.
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-
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-![](348_901.jpeg)
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-
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-This file structure is called the tree structure because it looks like a tree with branches. In UNIX, the root of the tree is called the **root directory** and denoted by “/ (slash).” The directory that a user is working is called the **current directory**.
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-
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-
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-### Absolute Path and Relative Path{#path}
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-
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-The concept the **path** is needed to specify a file on the tree structure. You can specify a file in two methods: **absolute path** and **relative path**.
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-
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-* **Absolute path method**
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-
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-The method is to specify a file relative to the root directory.
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-
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-**Example**: the case of specifying the “report1.txt” in Figure 1.
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-
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-
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-```nohighlight
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-/home/a/b59999/report/report1.txt
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-```
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-
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-
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-* **Relative path method**
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-
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-The method is to specify a file relative to the current directory.
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-
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-**Example**: the case of specifying the “report1.txt” in Figure 1 relative to the current directory “/home/a/b59999.”
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-
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-
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-```nohighlight
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-report/report1.txt
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-```
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-
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-
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-
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-## Basic Commands {#command}
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-
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-
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-### `pwd` – Command for Displaying Current Directory{#pwd}
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-
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-
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-```nohighlight
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-pwd
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-```
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-
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-
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-**Example**
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-
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-
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-```nohighlight
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ pwd
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-```
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-
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-```nohighlight
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-/home/a/b59999    # The current directory is displayed
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-```
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-
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-
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-
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-### `ls` – Command for Displaying File List{#ls}
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-
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-
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-```nohighlight
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-ls [option] [filename] [directory]
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-```
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-
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-
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-**Important Command Line Options**
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-
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-Option |    Effect
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-  -l    |   Displays details of files
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-  -F    |   “/“ is appended to directories and “*” is appended to executables to make file types clear in the display
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-  -a    |   Files whose names starts with “.”, those for system use, are also displayed.
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-
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-
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-
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-**Example**
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-
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-
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-```nohighlight
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls
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-```
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-
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-```nohighlight
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-file1.txt file2.bmp dir1    # A filename is displayed
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -a
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-```
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-
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-```nohighlight
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-. .cshrc .tcshrc file1.txt dir1    # Filenames starting with “.” are also displayed
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-.. .login .bashrc file2.bmp
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F
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-```
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-
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-```nohighlight
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-file1.txt file2.bmp dir1/    # "/" is appended to a directory
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$
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-```
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-
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-
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-
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-### `cd` – Command for Changing Current Directory{#cd}
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-
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-
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-```nohighlight
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-cd [directory_name]
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-```
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-
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-
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-**Example**
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-
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-
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-```nohighlight
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ pwd
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-```
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-
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-```nohighlight
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-/home/a/b59999    # The current directory is /home/a/b59999
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-```
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-
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-```nohighlight
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ cd dir1    # Changing the current directory to dir1
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ pwd
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-```
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-
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-```nohighlight
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-/home/a/b59999/dir1    # The current directory has been changed to dir1
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-```
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-
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-
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-
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-### `cp` – Command for Copying Files and Directories{#cp}
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-
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-
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-```nohighlight
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-cp [options] [copy_source] [copy_destination]
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-```
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-
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-
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-**Important command line options**
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-
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-Option |    Effect
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-  -R    |   If the copy source is a directory, the entire tree structure under and including the directory is copied.
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-
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-
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-
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-**Example**
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-
163 
-
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-```nohighlight
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F
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-file1.txt dir1/
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-```
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-
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-```nohighlight
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ cp file1.txt file2.txt    # Copying file1.txt as file2.txt
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F
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-```
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-
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-```nohighlight
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-file1.txt file2.bmp dir1/    # file2.txt has been created
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-```
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-
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-```nohighlight
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ cp file2.txt dir1    # Copying file2.txt to dir1
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls dir1
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-```
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-
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-```nohighlight
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-file2.txt    # file2.txt has been copied to dir1
185 
-```
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-
187 
-```nohighlight
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ cp -R dir1 dir2    # dir1 is copied to dir2
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F
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-```
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-
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-```nohighlight
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-file1.txt file2.txt dir1/ dir2/    # dir2 has been created
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls dir2
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-```
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-
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-```nohighlight
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-file2.txt    # dir1 has been copied to dir2 including the tree structure
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$
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-```
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-
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-
203 
-
204 
-### `mkdir` – Command for Making New Directories{#mkdir}
205 
-
206 
-
207 
-```nohighlight
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-mkdir [directory_name]
209 
-```
210 
-
211 
-
212 
-**Example**
213 
-
214 
-
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-```nohighlight
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls
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-file1.txt file2.bmp
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ mkdir dir1
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F
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-```
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-
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-```nohighlight
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-file1.txt file2.bmp dir1/    # dir1 has been created
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$
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-```
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-
227 
-
228 
-
229 
-### `rm` – Command for Deleting Files and Directories{#rm}
230 
-
231 
-
232 
-```nohighlight
233 
-rm [option] [filename] [directory]
234 
-```
235 
-
236 
-
237 
-**Important command line options**
238 
-
239 
-Option |    Effect
240 
-  -R    |   If the target is a directory, the entire tree structure under and including the directory is deleted.
241 
-
242 
-**Example**
243 
-
244 
-
245 
-```nohighlight
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F
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-file1.txt file2.bmp dir1/
248 
-```
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-
250 
-```nohighlight
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ rm file1.txt    # Deleting  file1.txt
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F
253 
-```
254 
-
255 
-```nohighlight
256 
-file2.bmp dir1/    # file1.txt has been deleted
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F dir1
258 
-```
259 
-
260 
-```nohighlight
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-dir2/    # dir2 is under dir1
262 
-```
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-
264 
-```nohighlight
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ rm -R dir1    # Deleting dir1
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F
267 
-```
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-
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-```nohighlight
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-file2.bmp    # dir1 and its tree structure are deleted
271 
-```
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-
273 
-
274 
-
275 
-### `mv` – Command for Moving Files (for Changing Filenames){#mv}
276 
-
277 
-The mv command is used to move files and directories. This command can also be used to changing the filename, by moving a file to the same directory.
278 
-
279 
-
280 
-```nohighlight
281 
-mv [source_filename] [new_filename]
282 
-```
283 
-
284 
-
285 
-**Example**
286 
-
287 
-
288 
-```nohighlight
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F
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-file1.txt file2.bmp dir1/
291 
-```
292 
-
293 
-```nohighlight
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ mv file1.txt dir1    # Moving file1.txt to dir1
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F
296 
-```
297 
-
298 
-```nohighlight
299 
-file2.bmp dir1/    # file1.txt no longer exists
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls dir1
301 
-```
302 
-
303 
-```nohighlight
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-file1.txt    # Moved to dir1
305 
-```
306 
-
307 
-```nohighlight
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-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ mv file2.bmp file3.bmp    # Moving file2.bmp to file3.bmp
309 
-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F
310 
-```
311 
-
312 
-```nohighlight
313 
-file3.bmp dir1/    # The filename has been changed to file3.bmp
314 
-```
315 
-
316 
-
317 
-
318 
-### `cat` – Command for Displaying File Contents on Screen{#cat}
319 
-
320 
-
321 
-```nohighlight
322 
-cat [filename]
323 
-```
324 
-
325 
-
326 
-**Example**
327 
-
328 
-
329 
-```nohighlight
330 
-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F
331 
-file1.txt file2.bmp dir1/
332 
-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ cat file1.txt
333 
-```
334 
-
335 
-```nohighlight
336 
-abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz    # The content of file1.txt is shown
337 
-[b59999@hx001 ~]$
338 
-```
339 
-
340 
-
341 
-
342 
-### `more` and `less` – Commands for Displaying File Contents{#less}
343 
-
344 
-By using the more command and the less command instead of the cat command stops and waits for the next command after displaying each page in the case of a large file.
345 
-
346 
-
347 
-```nohighlight
348 
-more (or less) [filename]
349 
-```
350 
-
351 
-
352 
-**Example**
353 
-
354 
-
355 
-```nohighlight
356 
-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ more file3.c
357 
-#include <stdio.h>    /* The content of file3.c is shown */
358 
-#include <math.h>
359 
-#include <stdlib.h>
360 
-(…omission...)
361 
-  for(i=0; i<10; i++){
362 
-    a[i] = b[i]*c[i];
363 
-            Pressing the space key advances the display one page.
364 
-```
365 
-
366 
-
367 
-
368 
-### `logout` – Command for Logout{#logout}
369 
-
370 
-
371 
-```nohighlight
372 
-logout
373 
-```
374 
-
375 
-
376 
-**Example**
377 
-
378 
-
379 
-
380 
-```nohighlight
381 
-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ logout    # Logging out
382 
-```
383 
-
384 
-
385 
-
386 
-### `man` – Command for Viewing Manual of Commands{#man}
387 
-
388 
-**Example: displaying the explanation of the ls command**
389 
-
390 
-
391 
-```nohighlight
392 
-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ man ls
393 
-```
394 
-
395 
-
396 
-To display man command messages in English, the environment variable LANG to C.
397 
-
398 
-**In the case of tcsh**
399 
-
400 
-
401 
-```nohighlight
402 
-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ setenv LANG C
403 
-```
404 
-
405 
-
406 
-**In the case of bash**
407 
-
408 
-
409 
-```nohighlight
410 
-[b59999@hx001 ~]$ export LANG=C
411 
-```
412 
-
413 
-
414 
-
415 
-## How to Use vi Editor{#vi}
416 
-
417 
-A UNIX family OS includes the vi Editor as standard. The vi Editor has an unique operational architecture, we explain in detail below.
418 
-
419 
-**How to Start vi Editor**
420 
-
421 
-
422 
-```nohighlight
423 
-vi [filename]
424 
-```
425 
-
426 
-
427 
-**Two Modes of vi Editor**
428 
-
429 
-The vi editor has two modes.
430 
-
431 
-* **Command mode**
432 
-
433 
-You make operations other than entering characters such as searching, replacing, saving a file,
434 
-and deleting a character or a line.
435 
-
436 
-* **Edit mode**
437 
-
438 
-you enter characters.
439 
-
440 
-The vi editor starts in the command mode when it opens. To enter the edit mode, press one of the following keys: `i` , `I` , `a` , `A` , `o` , `O` . To return to the command mode from the edit mode, press the ESC key.
441 
-
442 
-
443 
-### vi Command Reference{#vi}
444 
-
445 
-**Moving Cursor**
446 
-
447 
-Character Oriented Jump
448 
- h, j, k, l             |   left, down, up, right (←, ↓, ↑, →)
449 
-
450 
-Text Oriented Jump
451 
- w, W, b, B        |   Previous/next word
452 
- e, E              |   End of word
453 
- ), (              |   Top of previous/next sentence
454 
- }, {              |   Top of previous/next paragraph
455 
- ]], [[            |   Top of previous/next section
456 
-
457 
-Line Oriented Jump
458 
- 0 (zero), $       |   Beginning/end of current line
459 
- ^                 |   First character (other than space) of current line
460 
- +, –              |   First character of next/previous line
461 
-_n_l               |  _n_’th character of current line
462 
- H                 |   First line on the screen
463 
- M                 |   Center line on the screen
464 
- L                 |   Bottom line on the screen
465 
-_n_H               |  _n_’th line from the top
466 
-_n_L               |  _n_’th line from the bottom
467 
-
468 
-Screen Oriented Jump
469 
-CTRL + f, CTRL + b |   Scroll to next/previous screen
470 
-CTRL + d, CTRL + u |   Scroll downward/upward half screen
471 
-CTRL + e, CTRL + y |   Display another line at the top/bottom of window
472 
- z RETURN                                     |  Show the line of cursor at the top of screen
473 
- z. (zed dot)                                                          |   Show the line of cursor at the center of screen
474 
- z- (zed hyphen)                                                      |    Show the line of cursor at the bottom of screen
475 
-CTRL + l, CTRL + r |   Refresh screen (no scroll)
476 
-
477 
-Search
478 
- /_pattern_ |  Search forward for pattern
479 
- –_pattern_ |  Search backward for pattern
480 
- n, N      |   Repeat previous search in the same/opposite direction
481 
- /, –      |   Repeat previous search forward/backward
482 
- f_x_       |  Jump forward from cursor position to next _x_ on current line.
483 
- F_x_       |  Jump backward from cursor position to next _x_ on current line.
484 
- t_x_       |  Jump forward from cursor position to the character followed by next _x_ on current line.
485 
- T_x_       |  Jump backward from cursor position to the character following next _x_ on current line.
486 
- ;         |   Repeat previous search on current line
487 
-,          |   Repeat previous search on current line in opposite direction
488 
-
489 
-Jump by Line Number
490 
-CTRL + g |   Display current line number
491 
-_n_G                               |   Jump to line number _n_
492 
- G                                 |   Jump to last line of file
493 
- :_n_                               |  Jump to line number _n_
494 
-
495 
-Mark Position
496 
- m_x_         |  Mark current position as _x_
497 
- ‘_x_         |  Jump to _x_
498 
- “           |   Return to previous mark or to the location prior to a search
499 
- `_x_         |  Jump to start of a line containing _x_
500 
- ``          |   Return to start of previous line containing the mark
501 
-
502 
-**Quitting Commands**
503 
-
504 
-Quitting Commands
505 
- ZZ              |   Quit vi writing (saving) the file
506 
- :x              |   Quit vi writing (saving) the file
507 
- :wq             |   Quit vi writing (saving) the file
508 
- :w              |   Write (save) the file
509 
- :w!             |   (Forcibly) write (save) the file
510 
- :q              |   Quit editing
511 
- :q!             |   Quit editing (canceling all edit)
512 
- :e!             |   Return to the version of current file at the time of last write (save)
513 
-
514 
-**Editing Commands**
515 
-
516 
-Inserting
517 
- i, a                 |   Append text before/after the cursor
518 
- I, A                 |   Insert text at beginning/end of line
519 
- o, O (Capitalized O) |   Open a new line for entering text below/above the cursor
520 
-
521 
- Change
522 
- r      |   Change character
523 
- cw     |   Change word
524 
- cc     |   Change current line
525 
- C       |  Change text from current position to end of line
526 
- R      |   Overwrite text
527 
- s      |   Replace character with a text
528 
- S      |   Replace current line with a text
529 
-
530 
-Moving and Deleting
531 
- x                  |   Delete character
532 
- X                  |   Delete the character before cursor
533 
- dw                 |   Delete a word
534 
- dd                 |   Delete current line
535 
- D                  |   Delete remainder of line
536 
- p, P               |   Paste deleted text after/before cursor
537 
- “_n_p              |   Paste the text of deletion buffer number _n_ after cursor (effective for last 9 deletion)
538 
-
539 
-Yank
540 
- yw     |   Yank (copy) word
541 
- yy     |   Yank current line
542 
- “_a_yy |   Yank current line to the buffer named _a_
543 
- p, P   |   Paste yanked text after/before cursor
544 
- “_a_p  |   Paste text of buffer “_a_” before cursor
545 
-
546 
-Other Commands
547 
- . (dot)       |   Repeat the last editing command
548 
- u, U          |   Undo the last edition/recover current line
549 
- j             |   Concatenate two lines
550 
-
551 
-Using ex Command
552 
- :d             |   Delete a line
553 
- :m             |   Move a line
554 
- :co, :t        |   Copy a line
555 
- /, –           |   Repeat previous search forward/backward
556 
- :.,$d          |   Delete the text from current line to end of file
557 
-
558 
-
559 
-## How to Use Emacs{#emacs}
560 
-
561 
-
562 
-### What is Emacs– {#emacs_top}
563 
-
564 
-**Emacs** is a sophisticated highly customizable text editor often used on UNIX family OS.
565 
-Editing work using **Emacs** consists of reading the target file to the buffer, editing the content, and writing the edited buffer to the target file. In **Emacs** editing work, you can switch between multiple editing files, and each buffer is assigned with a name. The name of the buffer is usually inherited from the name of the target file.
566 
-
567 
-
568 
-### Starting Emacs{#emacs_boot}
569 
-
570 
-
571 
-```nohighlight
572 
-emacs [filename]
573 
-```
574 
-
575 
-
576 
- If a filename is specified, an editing buffer having the same name is created and the file content is read to the buffer. If there is no file to read (the specified file does not exist), the editing buffer becomes empty. If a filename is not specified, an editing buffer named “scratch” is created.
577 
-
578 
-
579 
-
580 
-
581 
-### Emacs Screen {#emacs_display}
582 
-
583 
-If **Emacs** is executed in an environment with X (a window system), it starts as an X client opening a new window.
584 
-
585 
-![](348_902.jpeg)
586 
-
587 
-If it is executed in an environment without X, the following screen shows:
588 
-
589 
-![](348_903.jpeg)
590 
-
591 
-The **Emacs** screen consists of three sections.
592 
-
593 
-* **Text window**
594 
-
595 
-It is the largest section where input texts are displayed.
596 
-
597 
-* **Mode line**
598 
-
599 
-It is the black and white reversal line at the bottom of the text window. it shows status of the text window.
600 
-
601 
-![](348_904.jpeg)
602 
-
603 
-* **Echo line**
604 
-
605 
-It is the line below the mode line, and it shows messages of **Emacs**. It is also used to input **Emacs** operations.
606 
-
607 
-
608 
-### Basic Operations of Emacs{#emacs_use}
609 
-
610 
-Operations such as moving cursor are done by special key input. There are two ways of special key input as below.
611 
-
612 
-* Entering a character key with the CTRL key pressed down (in this page, this is denoted as **C-[character_key]** ).
613 
-* Entering a character key after pressing the ESC key and then releasing it (in this page, this is denoted as **M-[character_key]** ).
614 
-
615 
-**<ins>Opening a file ( <code>C-x</code>  <code>C-f</code> )</ins>**
616 
-
617 
-To read a file to a buffer after opening **Emacs**, enter `C-x`  `C-f` (enter x with CTRL pressed then enter f with CTRL pressed) on the keyboard, and you see the following message on the echo line.
618 
-
619 
-
620 
-```nohighlight
621 
-Find file: ~/
622 
-```
623 
-
624 
-
625 
-If you did not start the **Emacs** at the home directory, the path of the current directory is shown instead of ~/. Enter the name of the file you want to edit (“test.txt” in this example) next to the message, and press the Enter key.
626 
-
627 
-
628 
-```nohighlight
629 
-Find file: ~/test.txt
630 
-```
631 
-
632 
-
633 
-A buffer named test.txt is created, and the content of the file is read to the buffer. If the file does not exist, a message (New file) is shown on the echo line.
634 
-
635 
-![](348_905.jpeg)
636 
-
637 
-**<ins>Entering Text</ins>**
638 
-
639 
-Characters are input at the cursor position of the text window by typing them on the keyboard. To delete character, press the Delete key, not the Backspace key.
640 
-
641 
-**<ins>Japanese Input System</ins>**
642 
-
643 
-To enter Japanese text, you need to start a Japanese input system, by entering C-\(\ [backslash] with CTRL pressed). When the system is started, [あ] will be displayed in the left of the mode line, and the roman-letter-to-kana conversion will be available. To switch off the system, press C-\ again.
644 
-
645 
-Typing “kyoutodaigaku”on the keyboard displays the following characters converted from the romaji.
646 
-
647 
-
648 
-```nohighlight
649 
-| きょうとだいがく |
650 
-```
651 
-
652 
-
653 
-The vertical bars “|” on the both sides indicate that characters in between can be converted to kanji characters. Pressing the Space key to convert into kanji. The mark at the left corner is changed from [あ] to [漢] meaning kanji conversion.
654 
-
655 
-
656 
-```nohighlight
657 
-| 京都大学 |
658 
-```
659 
-
660 
-
661 
-And then press the Space key once more, the next candidate is displayed. To determine the conversion, press the Enter key or `C-l` . You can also change the length of a segment by pressing `C-i` or `C-o` . When you execute kanji conversion for one of the segments, move the cursor to the target segment and press the Space key. To cancel a kanji conversion, press `C-c` .
662 
-
663 
-**<ins>Moving Cursor</ins>**
664 
-
665 
- How to move a cursor is as below.
666 
-
667 
-
668 
-col 1 | col 2
669 
-`C-p` |  move up
670 
-`C-n` |  move down
671 
-`C-f` |  move right
672 
-`C-b` |  move left
673 
-`C-a` |  move to the beginning of the line
674 
-`C-e` |  move to the end of the line
675 
-
676 
-Each of the commands mean: p of `C-p` is previous, n of `C-n` is next, f of `C-f` is forward, b of `C-b` is backward, a of `C-a` is ahead, and e of `C-e` is end of line.
677 
-
678 
-col 1                                                                     | col 2
679 
-`C-v`                                                                     |  scroll the screen to the next view
680 
-`M-v` （press ESC, release it, and then press v） |  scroll the screen to the previous view
681 
-`M-<`                                                                     |  move to the top of the buffer
682 
-`M->`                                                                     |  move to the bottom of the buffer
683 
-
684 
-![](348_907.jpeg)
685 
-
686 
-**<ins>Deletion and Copying</ins>**
687 
-
688 
-There are several ways to delete a character.
689 
-
690 
-
691 
-col 1        | col 2
692 
- Delete key |   Deletes one character to the left.
693 
-`C-d`        |  Deletes one character to the right of the cursor.
694 
-`C-k`        |  Deletes characters from the right of the cursor to the end of the line.
695 
-
696 
-
697 
-
698 
-You can also delete a specified section of text. First, mark the cursor position as the base of the section by pressing `C-`@ . The message “Mark set” on the echo line indicates that the current cursor position has been marked.
699 
-Next, move the cursor to indicate the section that you want to delete and press `C-w` . This deletes the section that spans from the marked position to the current cursor position.
700 
-
701 
-Texts deleted by `C-k` and `C-w` are saved in the copy buffer, you can paste the deleted texts by pressing `C-y` . The copy buffer is overwritten every time `C-k` or `C-w` is pressed. Note that texts deleted by `C-d` and the Delete key are not saved in the copy buffer.
702 
-
703 
-**<ins>Canceling and Undoing Operations</ins>**
704 
-
705 
-To cancel the operation, press `C-g` . When this cancel command is accepted, the echo line shows the Quit message.
706 
-To cancel the last action you performed, press `C-x u` . The echo line shows the message “Undo!”
707 
-
708 
-**<ins>Saving File ( <code>C-x</code>  <code>C-s</code> )</ins>**
709 
-
710 
- To save a buffer you are editing, press `C-x`  `C-s` . If you have been editing a **scratch** buffer, pressing `C-x`  `C-s` shows “File to save in: ~/” on the echo line. You specify a save destination filename.
711 
-
712 
-
713 
-
714 
-**<ins>Erasing Editing Buffer</ins>**
715 
-
716 
- To erase an editing buffer, press `C-x k` . The echo line shows “Kill buffer: (default test.txt)”. Then you press the Enter key. If the editing buffer has not been edited, it is erased without any message. If the editing buffer has been edited, the echo line shows “Buffer test.txt modified; kill anyway– (yes or no).” To erase the buffer with the edited content canceled, enter “yes” and press the Enter key. To cancel the erasion of the editing buffer, enter “no” and then press the Enter key.
717 
-
718 
-
719 
-
720 
-
721 
-### Finishing Emacs {#emacs_end}
722 
-
723 
-To finish **Emacs**, press `C-x`  `C-c` . If there is an unsaved editing buffer, the echo line shows a message of the format as shown below. ( The following filename part is an example. )
724 
-
725 
-
726 
-```nohighlight
727 
-Save file /home/a/b59999/test.txt– (y, n, !, ., q, C-r or C-h)
728 
-```
729 
-
730 
-
731 
-To save the file before finishing **Emacs**, enter “y” and then press the Enter key. If you do not save the file, enter “n” and press the Enter key. A message shows again on the echo line as below. If you really want to finish without saving the file, enter “yes” and then press the Enter key. If you enter “no” and then press the Enter key, the quitting process is canceled.
732 
-
733 
-
734 
-```nohighlight
735 
-Modified buffers exist; exit anyway– (yes or no)
736 
-```
737 
-
738 
-
739 
-
740 
-### To Master Emacs{#emacs_master}
741 
-
742 
-**Emacs** provides a tutorial. Please try it if you want to master **Emacs** quickly. In the tutorial, you will learn a lot of other functions that are not introduced here. The tutorial starts by pressing `M-–`  `t` . The tutorial uses a buffer. Erase it by `C-x`  `k` when you finish the tutorial.
1 
+---
2 
+title: 'Unix/Linux Basics'
3 
+taxonomy:
4 
+    category:
5 
+        - docs
6 
+---
7 
+
8 
+[toc]
9 
+
10 
+## File System{#system}
11 
+
12 
+
13 
+### File and Directory{#file}
14 
+
15 
+Various types of data that users create are recorded as **files** , and be stored in containers that called **directories** . You can create a directory in a directory and manage files hierarchically.
16 
+
17 
+![](348_901.jpg)
18 
+
19 
+This file structure is called the tree structure because it looks like a tree with branches. In UNIX, the root of the tree is called the **root directory** and denoted by “/ (slash).” The directory that a user is working is called the **current directory**.
20 
+
21 
+### Absolute Path and Relative Path{#path}
22 
+
23 
+The concept the **path** is needed to specify a file on the tree structure. You can specify a file in two methods: **absolute path** and **relative path**.
24 
+
25 
+* **Absolute path method**
26 
+
27 
+This method is to specify files based on the root directory.
28 
+
29 
+（Example）the case of specifying the “report1.txt” in Figure 1.
30 
+
31 
+
32 
+```nohighlight
33 
+/home/a/b59999/report/report1.txt
34 
+```
35 
+
36 
+
37 
+* **Relative path method**
38 
+
39 
+This method is to specify files based on the current directory.
40 
+
41 
+ （Example）the case of specifying the “report1.txt” in Figure 1 based on the current directory “/home/a/b59999.”
42 
+
43 
+
44 
+
45 
+
46 
+```nohighlight
47 
+report/report1.txt
48 
+```
49 
+
50 
+
51 
+
52 
+## Basic Commands{#command}
53 
+
54 
+
55 
+This section describes basic commands commonly used in UNIX.
56 
+
57 
+
58 
+### `pwd` －Command for Displaying Current Directory{#pwd}
59 
+
60 
+
61 
+```nohighlight
62 
+pwd
63 
+```
64 
+
65 
+
66 
+**Example**
67 
+
68 
+
69 
+```nohighlight
70 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ pwd
71 
+```
72 
+
73 
+```nohighlight
74 
+/home/a/b59999          # The current directory is displayed
75 
+```
76 
+
77 
+
78 
+
79 
+### `ls` －Command for Displaying File List{#ls}
80 
+
81 
+
82 
+```nohighlight
83 
+ls [option] [filename directory name]
84 
+```
85 
+
86 
+
87 
+**Main Option**
88 
+
89 
+Option |  Effect
90 
+------ | --------------------------------------------------------------
91 
+ -l   |  Displays details of files
92 
+ -F   |  Display attributes clearly marked with "/ (slash)" for directories, "* (asterisk)" for executable files.
93 
+ -a   |  Display files beginning with a " . (dot)" used in the system, etc.
94 
+
95 
+
96 
+
97 
+**Example**
98 
+
99 
+
100 
+```nohighlight
101 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls
102 
+```
103 
+
104 
+```nohighlight
105 
+file1.txt file2.bmp dir1          # A file is displayed.
106 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -a
107 
+```
108 
+
109 
+```nohighlight
110 
+. .cshrc .tcshrc file1.txt dir1   #A file starting with “.” are also displayed.
111 
+.. .login .bashrc file2.bmp
112 
+.. .login .bashrc file2.bmp
113 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F
114 
+```
115 
+
116 
+```nohighlight
117 
+file1.txt file2.bmp dir1/         # "/" is appended to a directory.
118 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$
119 
+```
120 
+
121 
+
122 
+
123 
+### `cd` －Command for Moving Current Directory{#cd}
124 
+
125 
+
126 
+```nohighlight
127 
+cd [directory_name]
128 
+```
129 
+
130 
+
131 
+**Example**
132 
+
133 
+
134 
+```nohighlight
135 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ pwd
136 
+```
137 
+
138 
+```nohighlight
139 
+/home/a/b59999             # The current directory is /home/a/b59999.
140 
+```
141 
+
142 
+```nohighlight
143 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ cd dir1  # Move the current directory to dir1.
144 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ pwd
145 
+```
146 
+
147 
+```nohighlight
148 
+/home/a/b59999/dir1        # The current directory has been moved to dir1.
149 
+```
150 
+
151 
+
152 
+
153 
+### `cp` －Command for Copying Files and Directories{#cp}
154 
+
155 
+
156 
+```nohighlight
157 
+cp [options] [copy_source] [copy_destination]
158 
+```
159 
+
160 
+
161 
+**Main Option**
162 
+
163 
+Option  |  Effect
164 
+------ | --------------------------------------------
165 
+ -R   |  If the copy source is a directory, the tree structure under the directory is copied, including its tree structure.
166 
+
167 
+
168 
+
169 
+**Example**
170 
+
171 
+
172 
+```nohighlight
173 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F
174 
+file1.txt dir1/
175 
+```
176 
+
177 
+```nohighlight
178 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ cp file1.txt file2.txt　#Copy file1.txt as file2.txt.
179 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F
180 
+```
181 
+
182 
+```nohighlight
183 
+file1.txt file2.bmp dir1/              # file2.txt has been created.
184 
+```
185 
+
186 
+```nohighlight
187 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ cp file2.txt dir1    # Copy file2.txt to dir1.
188 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls dir1
189 
+```
190 
+
191 
+```nohighlight
192 
+file2.txt         # file2.txt has been copied to dir1.
193 
+```
194 
+
195 
+```nohighlight
196 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ cp -R dir1 dir2      #  Copy dir1 to dir2.
197 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F
198 
+```
199 
+
200 
+```nohighlight
201 
+file1.txt file2.txt dir1/ dir2/        # dir2 has been created.
202 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls dir2
203 
+```
204 
+
205 
+```nohighlight
206 
+file2.txt         # dir1 is copied to dir2 including the tree structure.
207 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$
208 
+```
209 
+
210 
+
211 
+
212 
+### `mkdir` －Command for Making New Directories{#mkdir}
213 
+
214 
+
215 
+```nohighlight
216 
+mkdir directory name]
217 
+```
218 
+
219 
+
220 
+**Example**
221 
+
222 
+
223 
+```nohighlight
224 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls
225 
+file1.txt file2.bmp
226 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ mkdir dir1
227 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F
228 
+```
229 
+
230 
+```nohighlight
231 
+file1.txt file2.bmp dir1/          # dir1 has been created.
232 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$
233 
+```
234 
+
235 
+
236 
+
237 
+### `rm` －Command for Deleting Files and Directories{#rm}
238 
+
239 
+
240 
+```nohighlight
241 
+rm [option] [filename directory name]
242 
+```
243 
+
244 
+
245 
+**Main Option**
246 
+
247 
+Option  |   Effect
248 
+------- | ----------------------------------------
249 
+ -R    |  If the target is a directory, delete it including the tree structure under the directory.
250 
+
251 
+
252 
+
253 
+**Example**
254 
+
255 
+
256 
+```nohighlight
257 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F
258 
+file1.txt file2.bmp dir1/
259 
+```
260 
+
261 
+```nohighlight
262 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ rm file1.txt    # Delete file1.txt.
263 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F
264 
+```
265 
+
266 
+```nohighlight
267 
+file2.bmp dir1/                   # file1.txt has been deleted.
268 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F dir1
269 
+```
270 
+
271 
+```nohighlight
272 
+dir2/          # dir2 is under dir1.
273 
+```
274 
+
275 
+```nohighlight
276 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ rm -R dir1      # Delete dir1.
277 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F
278 
+```
279 
+
280 
+```nohighlight
281 
+file2.bmp          # dir1 and its tree structure are deleted.
282 
+```
283 
+
284 
+
285 
+
286 
+### `mv` －Command for Moving Files (for Changing Filenames){#mv}
287 
+
288 
+The mv command is used to move files and directories. This command can also be used to change the filename, by moving a file to the same directory.
289 
+
290 
+
291 
+```nohighlight
292 
+mv [source_filename] [new_filename]
293 
+```
294 
+
295 
+
296 
+**Example**
297 
+
298 
+
299 
+```nohighlight
300 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F
301 
+file1.txt file2.bmp dir1/　
302 
+```
303 
+
304 
+```nohighlight
305 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ mv file1.txt dir1         # Move file1.txt to dir1.
306 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F
307 
+```
308 
+
309 
+```nohighlight
310 
+file2.bmp dir1/          # file1.txt no longer exists.
311 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls dir1
312 
+```
313 
+
314 
+```nohighlight
315 
+file1.txt          # Moved to dir1.
316 
+```
317 
+
318 
+```nohighlight
319 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ mv file2.bmp file3.bmp    # Move file2.bmp to file3.bmp.
320 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F
321 
+```
322 
+
323 
+```nohighlight
324 
+file3.bmp dir1/          # The filename has been changed to file3.bmp.
325 
+```
326 
+
327 
+### `cat` －Command for Displaying File Contents on Screen{#cat}
328 
+
329 
+
330 
+```nohighlight
331 
+cat [filename]
332 
+```
333 
+
334 
+
335 
+**Example**
336 
+
337 
+
338 
+```nohighlight
339 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ ls -F
340 
+file1.txt file2.bmp dir1/
341 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ cat file1.txt
342 
+```
343 
+
344 
+```nohighlight
345 
+abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz          # The content of file1.txt is displayed.
346 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$
347 
+```
348 
+
349 
+
350 
+### `more` and `less` －Commands for Displaying File Contents{#less}
351 
+
352 
+
353 
+If you use the `more` or `less` command instead of the `cat` command, it stops displaying each page and waits for a command in the case the file is long.
354 
+
355 
+
356 
+
357 
+```nohighlight
358 
+more（or less ） [filename]
359 
+```
360 
+
361 
+
362 
+**Example**
363 
+
364 
+
365 
+```nohighlight
366 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ more file3.c
367 
+#include <stdio.h>    /* The content of file3.c is displayed. */
368 
+#include <math.h>
369 
+#include <stdlib.h>
370 
+（・・omission・・）
371 
+　　for(i=0; i<10; i++){
372 
+　　　　a[i] = b[i]*c[i];
373 
+--More--(10%)　　　
374 
+
375 
+ 　　　　　　　　 　　Press space key to advance to the next page.
376 
+
377 
+```
378 
+
379 
+### `logout` －Command for Logout{#logout}
380 
+
381 
+
382 
+```nohighlight
383 
+logout
384 
+```
385 
+
386 
+
387 
+**Example**
388 
+
389 
+
390 
+
391 
+```nohighlight
392 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ logout          # Log out
393 
+```
394 
+
395 
+
396 
+
397 
+### `man` -Command for Viewing Manual（View a description of each command.）{#man}
398 
+
399 
+**Display the description of the ls command**
400 
+
401 
+
402 
+```nohighlight
403 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ man ls
404 
+```
405 
+
406 
+To display `man` command messages in Japanese, set the ssh client character encoding to UTF-8 and set the environment variable LANG to ja_JP.UTF-8.
407 
+
408 
+**If you are using tcsh**
409 
+
410 
+
411 
+```nohighlight
412 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ setenv LANG ja_JP.UTF-8
413 
+```
414 
+
415 
+
416 
+**If you are using bash**
417 
+
418 
+
419 
+```nohighlight
420 
+[b59999@hx001 ~]$ export LANG=ja_JP.UTF-8
421 
+```
422 
+
423 
+
424 
+
425 
+
426 
+## How to Use vi Editor{#vi}
427 
+
428 
+The vi editor is a text editor that comes standard with UNIX-like operating systems. Its operating system is very specific and we describe in detail below.
429 
+
430 
+**How to Start vi Editor**
431 
+
432 
+
433 
+```nohighlight
434 
+vi [filename]
435 
+```
436 
+
437 
+
438 
+**Two Modes of vi Editor**
439 
+
440 
+The vi editor has two modes of  **command mode** and **edit mode**.
441 
+
442 
+* **Command mode**
443 
+
444 
+Performs tasks other than text entry, such as searching, replacing, saving files, and deleting characters and lines.
445 
+
446 
+* **Edit mode**
447 
+
448 
+Enter the actual text.
449 
+
450 
+When you start the editor, the command mode comes up first. You can enter the edit mode with insert commands such as `i`, `I`, `a`, `A`, `o`, or `O`. To return to command mode, press the ESC key.
451 
+
452 
+### vi Command Reference{#vi}
453 
+
454 
+**Moving Cursor**
455 
+
456 
+Character Oriented Jump 　|
457 
+--------------- | --------------------------
458 
+ h , j , k , l |   left, down, up, right （ ← , ↓ , ↑ , → ）
459 
+
460 
+Text Oriented Jump  |
461 
+--------------- | --------------
462 
+ w , W , b , B |   Previous/next word
463 
+ e , E         |   End of the word
464 
+ ) , (         |   Beginning of next/previous sentence
465 
+ } , {         |   Beginning of next/previous paragraph
466 
+ ]] , [[       |   Beginning of next/previous section
467 
+
468 
+Line Oriented Jump    |
469 
+----------- | -------------------
470 
+ 0(zero) , $ |   Beginning/end of the current line
471 
+ ^         |   First character (other than space) of the current line
472 
+ + , ?     |   First character of the next/previous line
473 
+_n_l       |   _n_’th character of the current line
474 
+ H         |   First line on the screen
475 
+ M         |   Center line on the screen
476 
+ L         |   Bottom line on the screen
477 
+_n_H       |   _n_’th line from the top
478 
+_n_L       |    _n_’th line from the bottom
479 
+
480 
+Screen Oriented Jump      |
481 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------
482 
+CTRL + f , CTRL + b |   Scroll to the next/previous screen
483 
+CTRL + d , CTRL + u |   Scroll up/down the half screen
484 
+CTRL + e , CTRL + y |   Display another line at the bottom/top of the window
485 
+ z RETURN                                      |  Display the line with the cursor at the top of the screen
486 
+ z. （zed dot）                                                           |   Display the line with the cursor in the center of the screen
487 
+ z- （zed hyphen）                                                          |   Display the line with the cursor at the bottom of the screen
488 
+CTRL + l , CTRL + r |   Rewrite Screen (without scrolling)
489 
+
490 
+Search     |
491 
+------------ | --------------------------------------
492 
+ / _pattern_ |  Search for patterns in the forward direction
493 
+ ? _pattern_ |  Search for patterns in the backward direction
494 
+ n , N      |   Repeat the last search in the same/opposite direction
495 
+ / , ?      |  Repeat the previous search in the forward/backward direction
496 
+ f_x_        |  Jump to _x_ after the cursor position in the current line
497 
+ F_x_        |  Jump to _x_ before the cursor position in the current line
498 
+ t_x_        |  Jump to the character immediately before the _x_ after the cursor position in the current line
499 
+ T_x_        |  Jump to the character immediately after the _x_ before the cursor position in the current line
500 
+ ;          |   Repeat last search in the current line
501 
+ ,          |   Repeat last search in the current line in the opposite direction
502 
+
503 
+Jump by Line Number      |
504 
+----------------------------------- | ---------------
505 
+CTRL + g |   Display current line number
506 
+_n_G                             |  Jump to line number _n_
507 
+ G                                 |   Jump to last line of file
508 
+ :_n_                               |  Jump to line number _n_
509 
+
510 
+
511 
+Mark of Position|
512 
+------- | -----------------------
513 
+ m_x_   |  Mark current position as _x_
514 
+ ‘_x_   | Jump to _x
515 
+ “     |   Return to the previous mark or context
516 
+ `_x_   |  Mark to jumps to the beginning of the line containing _x_.
517 
+ ``    |   Return to the beginning of the line containing the previous mark
518 
+
519 
+**Exit Command**
520 
+
521 
+Exit Command |
522 
+------- | ---------------------------------
523 
+ ZZ    |   Write (save) a file and exit
524 
+ :x    |   Write (save) a file and exit
525 
+ :wq   |   Write (save) a file and exit
526 
+ :w    |   Writing (saving) a file
527 
+ :w!   |   (Forced) file writing (saving)
528 
+ :q    |   Finish editing the file
529 
+ :q!   |   Finish editing the file (cancel all changes)
530 
+ :e!   |   Return to the current file to the contents at the time it was last written (saved)
531 
+
532 
+**Edit command**
533 
+
534 
+Inserting            |
535 
+------------------- | ----------------------------
536 
+`i` , `a`           |  Insert text before/after the cursor
537 
+`I` , `A`           |  Insert text at the beginning/end of the line
538 
+`o` , `O` （Capitalized O） |   Open new line for entering text below/above the cursor
539 
+
540 
+ Change   |
541 
+---- | ------------------
542 
+`r`  |  Change characters
543 
+`cw` |  Change words
544 
+`cc` |  Change current line
545 
+`C`  |  Change to the end of line
546 
+`R`  |  Overwrite text strings
547 
+`s`  |  Replace characters with text
548 
+`S`  |  Replace current line with text
549 
+
550 
+Moving and Deleting   |
551 
+--------- | --------------------------------------------------
552 
+`x`       | Delete characters
553 
+`X`       |  Delete character before the cursor
554 
+`dw`      |  Delete words
555 
+`dd`      |  Delete current line
556 
+`D`       |  Delete to the end of the line
557 
+`p` , `P` |  Insert deleted text after/before the cursor
558 
+ “_n_p   |   Insert text with delete buffer number _n_ after the cursor (valid for the last 9 deletions)
559 
+
560 
+Yank     |
561 
+--------- | -----------------------------
562 
+`yw`      |  Yank (copy) word
563 
+`yy`      |  Yank current line
564 
+ “_a_yy  | Yank current line to the buffer named _a_
565 
+`p` , `P` |  Paste yanked text after/before the cursor
566 
+ “_a_p   |    Insert text of buffer _a_ before the cursor
567 
+
568 
+Other Commands  |
569 
+--------- | -----------------------------
570 
+ . （dot） |   Repeat the last editing command
571 
+`u` , `U` |  Undo the last edition/recover current line
572 
+`j`       |  Concatenate two lines
573 
+
574 
+Using ex Command |
575 
+---------------- | ---------------------
576 
+ :d             |    Delete a line
577 
+ :m             |   Move a line
578 
+ :co , :t       |   Copy a line
579 
+ / , ?          |   Repeat previous search forward/backward
580 
+ :.,$d          |   Delete from the current line to the last line of the file
581 
+
582 
+
583 
+## How to Use Emacs{#emacs}
584 
+
585 
+
586 
+
587 
+### What is Emacs–{#emacs_top}
588 
+
589 
+**Emacs** is a sophisticated highly customizable text editor often used on UNIX family OS.
590 
+When editing using **Emacs**, you read a file into a buffer, work on it, and then write the edited buffer to the file.
591 
+In **Emacs** editing work, you can switch between multiple editing files, and each buffer is assigned with a name. Usually, the name of the file to be edited is the name of the buffer.
592 
+
593 
+
594 
+
595 
+
596 
+### Starting Emacs{#emacs_boot}
597 
+
598 
+
599 
+```nohighlight
600 
+emacs [filename]
601 
+```
602 
+ If a filename is specified when starting, an edit buffer is created with the same name and the file content  is loaded.
603 
+(If there is no file to read, the editing buffer becomes empty.) If a filename is not specified, an editing buffer named  **scratch**  is created.
604 
+
605 
+### Emacs Screen{#emacs_display}
606 
+
607 
+When you launch in an environment where X (window system) is available, a new window will be launched as an X client.
608 
+
609 
+![](348_902.jpg)
610 
+
611 
+If the window system is not available in your environment, the following screen will appear.
612 
+
613 
+![](348_903.jpg)
614 
+
615 
+The **Emacs** screen consists of three sections.
616 
+
617 
+* **Text window**
618 
+
619 
+Largest section. The text you have entered will be displayed.
620 
+
621 
+* **Mode line**
622 
+
623 
+It is the black and white reversal line at the bottom of the text window. it shows status of the text window.
624 
+
625 
+An inverted line at the bottom of the text window. It displays the status of the text window.
626 
+The approximate meaning of the mode line is as follows.
627 
+
628 
+
629 
+![](348_904.jpg)
630 
+
631 
+* **Echo line**
632 
+
633 
+The line below the mode line. Messages from **Emacs** will be displayed.  It is also used to input.
634 
+
635 
+### Basic Operations of Emacs{#emacs_use}
636 
+
637 
+Operations such as moving the cursor use special key input. There are two ways of special key input as below.
638 
+
639 
+* Enter a character key with the **CTRL key**  pressed down (**C-[character_key]** ).
640 
+
641 
+*  Enter a character key after pressing the ESC key ( **M-[character_key]** ).
642 
+
643 
+**<ins>Open a file（ <code>C-x</code>  <code>C-f</code> ）</ins>**
644 
+
645 
+After starting up **Emacs**, enter `C-x` `C-f` (enter x with CTRL pressed then enter f with CTRL pressed) to load a new file. The following message will appear on the echo line.
646 
+
647 
+    ```nohighlight
648 
+    Find file: ~/
649 
+    ```
650 
+
651 
+If **Emacs** is started from a directory other than the home directory, the path of the current directory will be displayed instead of /~.
652 
+Enter the name of the file you want to open (e.g. test.txt) followed by the message and press Enter.
653 
+
654 
+
655 
+```nohighlight
656 
+Find file: ~/test.txt
657 
+```
658 
+
659 
+A buffer named test.txt is created, and the content of the file is read to the buffer. If the file does not exist, a message (New file) is shown on the echo line.
660 
+
661 
+
662 
+![](348_905.jpg)
663 
+
664 
+**<ins>Enter the Text</ins>**
665 
+
666 
+Characters are entered at the cursor position on the text window. To delete a character, use the Delete key. (The Backspace key is not used to delete characters.)
667 
+
668 
+**<ins>Japanese Input System</ins>**
669 
+
670 
+To enter Japanese, you need start the Japanese input system by pressing `C-¥` (press ￥ [backslash] with CTRL pressed). When the system starts, the display in the left corner of the mode line will switch from [ ? - ] to [ A ], which enables romaji kana conversion. To switch off the input system, press `C-¥` again.
671 
+
672 
+If you type "k y o u t o d a i g a k u" in a Japanese input system, you will see the following.
673 
+
674 
+
675 
+```nohighlight
676 
+| きょうとだいがく |
677 
+```
678 
+
679 
+The vertical bars “|” on the both sides indicate that characters in between can be converted to kanji characters. Press the Space key to convert into kanji. The mark at the left corner is changed from [あ] to [漢] meaning kanji conversion.
680 
+
681 
+```nohighlight
682 
+| 京都大学 |
683 
+```
684 
+
685 
+And then press the Space key once more, the next candidate is displayed. To determine the conversion, press the Enter key or `C-l` . You can also change the length of a segment by pressing `C-i` or `C-o` . When you execute kanji conversion for one of the segments, move the cursor to the target segment and press the Space key. To cancel a kanji conversion, press `C-c` .
686 
+
687 
+**<ins>Moving Cursor</ins>**
688 
+
689 
+ How to move a cursor is as below.
690 
+
691 
+col 1 | col 2
692 
+----- | ---------
693 
+`C-p` |  move up
694 
+`C-n` |  move down
695 
+`C-f` |  move right
696 
+`C-b` |   move left
697 
+`C-a` |  move to the beginning of the line
698 
+`C-e` |  move to the end of the line
699 
+
700 
+Each of the commands mean: p of `C-p` is previous, n of `C-n` is next, f of `C-f` is forward, b of `C-b` is backward, a of `C-a` is ahead, and e of `C-e` is end of line.
701 
+
702 
+
703 
+col 1                                               | col 2
704 
+--------------------------------------------------- | ------------
705 
+`C-v`                                               |  Scroll to the next screen
706 
+`M-v` （ press ESC, release it, and then press v） |  Scroll to the previous screen
707 
+`M-<`                                               |  move to the top of the buffer
708 
+`M->`                                               |   move to the bottom of the buffer
709 
+
710 
+![](348_907.jpg)
711 
+
712 
+**<ins>Delete and Copy</ins>**
713 
+
714 
+There are several ways to delete a character.
715 
+
716 
+
717 
+col 1       | col 2
718 
+----------- | ---------------------
719 
+  Delete key |   Deletes one character to the left.
720 
+`C-d`       |  Deletes one character to the right of the cursor.
721 
+`C-k`       |  Deletes characters from the right of the cursor to the end of the line.
722 
+
723 
+You can also delete a specified section of text. First, move the cursor to the beginning of the range you want to specify and mark it with `C-`@. "Mark set" will appear on the echo line. Next, move the cursor to the end of the range and press `C-w`. And you can delete the entire marked range from the current cursor position.
724 
+
725 
+Texts deleted by `C-k` and `C-w` are saved in the copy buffer and you can paste the deleted texts by pressing `C-y` . The copy buffer is overwritten every time `C-k` or `C-w` is pressed. Note that texts deleted by `C-d` and the Delete key are not saved in the copy buffer.
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+
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+**<ins>Undo Operations</ins>**
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+
729 
+To undo the operation, press `C-g` . "Quit" is displayed on the echo line.To undo the last editing operation, press `C-x` `u`. "Undo!" is displayed on the echo line.
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+
731 
+**<ins>Save the File（ <code>C-x</code>  <code>C-s</code> ）</ins>**
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+
733 
+  To save your edits to a file, press `C-x` `C-s`. If you have been editing in the **scratch** buffer, "File to save in: ~/" is displayed on the echo line. Please specify a file name and save the file.
734 
+
735 
+**<ins>Erase Edit Buffer</ins>**
736 
+
737 
+To erase a edit buffer, press `C-x` `k`.
738 
+"Kill buffer: (default test.txt)" is displayed on an echo line.  Then press Enter key.
739 
+If the contents of the buffer have not been changed, it will be erased without message. If the contents of the buffer have been changed, the message "Buffer test.txt modified; kill anyway?(yes or no)"  is displayed. Enter "yes" to invalidate the change and erase, or enter "no" and Enter key to cancel the erasure.
740 
+
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+
742 
+### Exit Emacs{#emacs_end}
743 
+
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+To exit **Emacs**, press `C-x` `C-c`.
745 
+If there is an unsaved edit buffer, the following message appears on the echo line
746 
+(The file name is an example.)
747 
+
748 
+```nohighlight
749 
+Save file /home/a/b59999/test.txt? (y, n, !, ., q, C-r or C-h)
750 
+```
751 
+Enter "y" to save the file and exit, or enter "n" to exit without saving and press Enter.
752 
+If you enter "n", a confirmation message will appear on the echo line.
753 
+Enter "yes" if you really want to exit, or enter "no" if you want to cancel the exit.
754 
+
755 
+
756 
+```nohighlight
757 
+Modified buffers exist; exit anyway? (yes or no)
758 
+```
759 
+
760 
+
761 
+
762 
+### To Master Emacs{#emacs_maseer}
763 
+
764 
+**Emacs** provides tutorials. To start tutorials, press `M-?`  `t`. Please try it if you want to master **Emacs** quickly. In the tutorial, you will learn a lot of other functions that are not introduced here.
765 
+The tutorial uses a buffer, so erase it by `C-x`  `k` when you finish the tutorial.
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+
user/pages/90.misc/docs.en.md
History View file @9408bf5
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new file mode 100644
... ... 
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
1 
+---
2 
+title: Others
3 
+taxonomy:
4 
+    category:
5 
+        - docs
6 
+content:
7 
+    items: '@self.children'
8 
+process:
9 
+    markdown: true
10 
+    twig: true
11 
+twig_first: true
12 
+---
13 
+
14 
+This chapter contains various information on the use of the system.
15 
+
16 
+{% for p in page.collection %}
17 
+* [{{ p.title|e }}](https://web.kudpc.kyoto-u.ac.jp{{p.link}})
18 
+{% endfor %}